Some Theory Part in C++

Study the following topics.

1. Abstraction
2. Encapsulation and Data hiding
3. 
   

Will continue..

Introduction to Hacking

Back to Hacking

Hacking is the practice of modifying the features of a system, in order to accomplish a goal outside of the creator's original purpose.

When you are surfing the internet, a lot of information is being exchanged between the web hostand the device being used to surf the internet. This type of information can always be easily breached by hackers, especially if it involves online transactions and this has always been a major issue when dealing with the internet. Nowadays, cases of online theft are becoming increasingly popular. There is one way of determining whether a site is safe to use through an SSL Certificate which is powered by cryptography.

PadLock Icon Showing SSL Security

Computer hacking is the most popular form of hacking nowadays, especially in the field of computer security, but hacking exists in many other forms, such as phone hacking, brain hacking, etc. and it's not limited to either of them.

(In SSL cryptography, encryption makes use of separate keys for the decryption and encryption of data. Encryption keys are public and anyone can use them. But thedecryption keys (ones used to turn encrypted data into meaningful information) are private and are kept secret. The SSL certificate, on the other hand, can simply be described as a tiny data file that has the appropriate information about a certain website. The information can be quickly read by the host connection once the request for connection is received. It is through an SSL that a website can prove its authenticity to a web browser.)
The term computer "virus" originated to describe machine code command inserted into a computer's memory that, on execution, copies itself into other programs and files on the computer thus known as "Computer Hacking".
Generally, a virus is a piece of software, a series of data, or a command sequence that exploits a bug, glitch, or vulnerability.

The best way to know how to protect your computer is to understand the hacker's tools and recognize their damage.

Before starting ,

• Please keep yourself updated with a little bit knowledge about computer fundamentals , that is , its hardware configuration, input / output operations etc.
• Then you must understand The BIOS or Basic Input/Output System . It is the first program that runs in the computer. 
• Learn about flashing the BIOS, accessing component information about RAM, CPU, hard and optical drives, how to use built in diagnostic tools etc 

Back to Hacking

Next 

Commonly used commands in AutoCAD

Back to  Designing Tools 

Its a bit difficult to understand , if you didnt follow the previous chapters.So
Refer , 

• AutoCAD - Introduction
• AutoCAD - How to use a tool

before proceeding.

Now , lets have a look to the common  tools used in AutoCAD.

We already learned the TWO methods to activate / use a tool in AutoCAD.

1. By typing the desired command in command Prompt
2. By activating the tool 

We already learned how to use LINE tool in the chapter AutoCAD - How to use a tool .

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Before that , note some commands (have to type in command prompt)

• os

Then we can see a dialog box as given below :

We can change the settings.
For example , Select the end-point .Then draw a line and press F3 , then we can see the end point of the line.

Like that , we can select other options also , see the above picture "Drafting Setting".

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Now the second tool is "Construction Line".

Don't forget to note the Command of each tools .Example , for Construction Line , the command is XLINE . they are mentioned in each picture.

Construction Line

Note that , you can see a command "XLINE" below .It is used in the command prompt to draw a Construction Line .

Polyline

Polygon

Rectangle

Arc

Circle

Revision Cloud

Spline

Ellipse

Ellipse Arc

Insert Block

Make Block

Point

Hatch

Gradient

Region

Table

Multiline Text

Will continue...

2 : AutoCAD - How to use a tool

Back to Designing Tools & AutoCAD - Introduction

Here , we are going to understand a little bit about the tools used in AutoCAD.

I think , its better to understand the tools by practicing how to draw different shapes etc rather than mere understanding .

A . Tools

Now , we are going to understand a little bit about the most commonly used tools , from the Tool bar.

B . How to draw a line 

There are two methods to activate or use any tool .

In the bottom of the workspace , we can see the command prompt. Just type the command you want and follow the instruction.

We can just type a command in the command prompt , as given below : 

To draw a line , we can just type "line" in the command prompt as given above.
Then it will ask "Specify first point" .Just click any of the area where we want to draw a line .
Then it will ask the next point "Specify next point or [Close/Undo]" .Give the finishing point of the line , or just continue drawing lines.

2 .   Just click the desired tool from the Toolbar .

That is , select the "Line" tool from the left side of the tool box .

Now , click any point on the workspace , as given below :

Then it will ask "Specify first point" .Just click any of the area where we want to draw a line .
Then it will ask the next point "Specify next point or [Close/Undo]" .Give the finishing point of the line .

Note that , while clicking the point to draw lines , press SHIFT key from the keyboard, then we can draw a straight line.

After finishing the second point , just right click on the mouse and select "Enter" from the drop-down menu (or , press Esc in the keyboard ) , to finish the line.

Various tools are there in AutoCAD , but it's a little difficult to explain here ,especially you have little knowledge about this field.

So , I am going to teach you how to draw various shapes , and by studying this you can understand it better.

before proceeding , be familiarize with the most common tools used in AutoCAD , as given below :

Back to AutoCAD - Introduction

Next Chapter : Commonly used commands in AutoCAD

1 : AutoCAD - Introduction

Back to Designing Tools

Here , we are going to understand a little bit about AutoCAD ( Version is 2010) .

A . WHAT IS AUTOCAD ?

Autocad is a program designed for drawings. There can be two-dimensional design drawings in terms of (2D) and three-dimensional view (3D) .

Working in AutoCAD requires some basic knowledge of your work, and also good to have prior knowledge base and knowledge of the plot coordinate system.

Now , we are going to familiarize with AutoCAD 2010.

When we open autoCAD 2010 , we can see that ,

And , in the bottom of the page , we can see another option , where we can directly type "Commands" , as given below :

For example , if we want to draw a line , we can just type "line" in the command prompt as given above.

Then it will ask "Specify first point" .Just click any of the area where we want to draw a line .

Then it will ask the next point "Specify next point or [Close/Undo]" .Give the finishing point of the line , or just continue drawing lines.

B . Tool bar and Menu bar in AutoCAD

• The leftside toolbars are the most commonly used ones.
• File , edit,view,insert,Format,Tools,Draw....etc are the Menubars .

• To understand about "Tools" select the below given option ,

Tools --> Toolbars --> AutoCAD . Then we can see all the available tools in AutoCAD ., as given below :

See there is a triangle shaped icon , by clicking it , we can directly access this option.  

• Before proceeding , make sure that , you selected the options Tools --> Workspaces --> AutoCAD Classic from Menubar , as its our main working platform.Or the Workspace button located on the Status bar at the bottom of the screen. Just click the dropdown arrow and change it to AutoCAD Classic , see below : 

Back to Designing Tools 

Next Chapter : AutoCAD - How to use a tool

Some Theory Part in JAVA

Refer  Introduction to JAVA  

Now , lets look at the "Theory" part of JAVA.Before that , refer The "terms" used in all programming languages also.

Programming in JAVA

This module is covering the following topics :

1. Difference between Applets and Application
2. Java Buzzwords (Java features)
3. Components of JAVA platform
4. JAVA libraries
5. Starting with a JAVA program
6. Java is Object Oriented Programming (OOP) language. What are it's advantages?
7. Data type in JAVA
8. Identifiers in JAVA
9. Some syntax used in JAVA (variables & Literals)
10. Operators in Java
11. Precedence of operators
12. Java keywords
13. Type casting
14. 
    

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1. Difference between Applets and Application

Java offers two flavours of programming, APPLETS and APPLICATION . (Both are composed of CLASS extension and require JVM or Java Virtual Machine to execute machine independent JAVA BYTECODE ).

In simple terms, an applet runs under the control of a browser,(so that , it can be embedded in HTML and can be downloaded from Internet) , whereas an application runs stand-alone, with the support of a virtual machine.

Applets are the programs written specially for distribution over a network , and can be executed inside a Java-compatible container (modern network) , but Application are system level programs and can be executed from the command line.

2. Java Buzzwords

 They are nothing but some "features" provided by JAVA.

• Simple
• Object Oriented (means, JAVA focuses DESIGN on the data and on the interfaces rather than the functionalists and the tools used to develop them)
• Robust
• Secure
• Architecture Neutral
• Portable
• Interpreted
• Multithreaded
• Dynamic

3. Components of Java Platform

2 platforms (hardware or software environment) are there,

1. JVM (Java Virtual Machine)
2. Java API (Java Application Program Interface)

JVM is an abstract machine .The "bytecode"  into which a JAVA Program is compiled and run in this JVM , and thus it is portable and architecture independent.

The Java API is a large collection of ready made software components , that provide many useful features , such as GUI (Graphical User Interface) widgets.API is grouped into librars(packages) of related components.

4. Java Libraries

The libraries(packages) of JAVA used to develop multi-patform applications.They are,

1. java.lang
2. java.io
3. java.util
4. java.awt
5. java.net

5. Starting with a Java Program

Let us consider a small JAVA program.Refer Introduction to JAVA .

// This is my first Program (This line will be ignored by the compiler) .

              public class firstprogram
                   {
                       public static void main(String args[ ])
                              {
                                  System.out.println("Hai...Welcome...");
                               }
                    }

See this program in detail .

• // This is my first Program Here, this first line  is used for Documentation purpose. It will be ignored by the compiler. This That means , this is used for understanding about a program. For larger programs , this is very helpful to know the purpose of a particular part of code
• class is a "keyword" .Everything should be in a class.
• public is a also a "keyword" which makes this class available and accessible by any one , which means it can be accessed from any package , or any class.
• firstprogram is the name of the public class.
• static is a "keyword" which signifies that this method will be called without creating an object of   firstprogram. And this method will be invoked first and only once by the JVM.
• void is the return type of the main method , which means that , this method is not going to return any value.
• System.out.println is used to print anything on the console.
• in java , the semicolon ; will terminate a program.

How to compile and run a JAVA program ? Click here to read.

6. Java is an OOP . what is it's advatages ?

The main advantage that it allows you to control the complexity. You can create an object which represents some real one, put the logic inside it and hide all the implementation details behind some interface, which is public.

That way, the client has no idea how the object is implemented but deals with public interface to control it. For understanding suggest the program interface of the car:Every vehicles have some implementation details, but all have the common interface, and don't need cleint to be aware of implementation details.

• Java is not source compatible with any other languages,so that JAVA has the freedom to design with a blank state.
• The object model of JAVA is simple and easy to extend , while simple types (such as integers) , are kept as high-performance non-objects.

Advantages are :

• Flexibility
• Modularity
• Reusability

Using OOP methodology , a program need not be redesigned from scratch.Using this concept,software can be developed based on already existing project.

(This is a wide topic , so refer to study yourself).

7. Data type in Java 

A data type in a programming language is a set of data with values having predefined characteristics.Two different categories are there,

• Primitive Type (8 numbers)

1. byte
2. short
3. int
4. long
5. float
6. double
7. char
8. boolean

• Reference Type

8. Identifiers in Java 

Identifiers are the names of ,

• variables (Variable names are case-sensitive)
• methods
• classes
• packages
• interfaces

Identifiers must be composed of ,

• letters
• numbers
• underscore
• dollar sign $

Identifiers may only begin with ,

• a letter
• underscore
• dollar sign $

9. Syntax used in Java 

Variable :

• Syntax to create a character variable is 

Char ch = 'b' ;

This means , the variable ch has been assigned the value of the letter b .
Single quotes aound the letter b ( 'b' ) tells the compiler that , we want the value of b , rather than the letter b.

• Syntax to create an integer variable is 

byte x=10 
short y =15
int p = 20
long q= 25 : etc

• Syntax to create a Boolean variable is 

boolean b=true:

It has only 2 values (true or false)

• Syntax to create a Float variable is 

float f1=3.14:

float f2=1.402e-2   

etc.

Literals :

They are pieces of Java Source Code 

Java has 4 kinds of Literals ,

1. String (Example : "Hellow World") .
2. Character (here, single quotes are used instead of double quotes, example : 'c' )
3. Number (there are 2 types of numeric literals integers & floating point numbers).
4. Boolean (Can have either true or false)

10. Operators in Java 

The are used to build expressions.They are categorized as ,

• Relational and Equality operators ( < , >= etc)
• Assignment Operators 
• Arithmetic
• Bitwise
• Increment and decrement operators
• Logical

(Study this by referring books) .

11. Predecence of Operators in Java 

Precedence of operators : Study from text

12. Java keywords

They are reserved and cannot be used as a variable.There are 45 keywords.

13. Type Casting

int / int = int
doube / double = double
But , what about an int divided by a double or a double divided by an int?

Assigning a value of one type to a variable of another type is known as "Type Casting".

A cast lets the compiler know that you are serious about the conversion you plan to make.
See the example CJ-26 : Accept Radius in meter

=========================================================

Will Continue.....

Back to JAVA

Advanced Designing : page "About us"

Refer  PHP Introduction & SQL - Quick reference

Balance chapter from 

1. PHP : Downloading a template and editing 
2. Editing a PHP Template using Dreamweaver
3. Editing TITLE of a template 
4. Editing other pages of a website from a Template 
5. Introduction to Advanced Designing 

PART - 6  " ABOUT " 

Here , we are explain how to design an about page , in detail.

In the previous chapters , we came to know that , some fields can't edit within the page.  
In Editing other pages of a website from a Template  , we edited almost all the pages .

Now , we are designing with CSS etc (refer PHP Introduction ).

Before starting , open the downloaded folder once again and click the folder named "pages".
There you can see that there are other HTML files like :  about.html , contacts.html ,  demo.html , portfolio.html and  skills.html . See below : 

PICTURE - 1 : Downloaded folder of Template

It's only for your understanding.

Now , before start designing , keep these points in mind.

Open index.html in Dreamweaver , and have a look at "about us" (This "about us" in index.html is connected to "about.html" pages See the pages in above picture).

POINT NO : 1

Picture - 2 : About us have 2 part : icon-user & title 

That is , there is the title "About us" and there is an "icon"  for the user.
When we click "about us" , the corresponding code will display below the design.
Code part in index.html itself also attached above .

POINT NO : 2

The same also connected to another file which is not directly editable from index.html.To find out that destination file , we can use "code navigator" (alt click).

press ALT then click on "about us" (alt click) of index.html. It will display a box which contains the exact line of code and name of the file which is associated with "about us" in index.html .

Picture - 3 : ALT CLICK on about us gives the destination file basic.css

We know that , there is a folder named "styles" in the downloaded template , which contains two CSS files such as "basic" and "mobile" . 

This "basic.css" is the code which links between index.html and "about.html" .

One more important point : 

When we click any of the code in Picture - 3 , it will redirect us to the corresponding CSS file .So editing will be easy . See below :

Picture - 3(1) .Clicking any of the code in picture -3 will redirect you to the given picture .

This means , now you get the design view above , and the corresponding CSS code view in below ( Instead of Picture - 2)  . In index.html , normally there is the corresponding code below the design . This method is more easy to find out the destination file .

POINT NO : 3

Now , again from index.html , click "about us" , when we click the term "About us" , it shows as ,

Picture - 4 : when we click the term "About us",
the text will appear on the right side of index.html .

That is , When we click "about us" , some text part is  displaying on the right side.
When we click on that text area, corresponding code will display below the design part .That will also attached in the above picture. .

POINT NO : 4

Now again , as we did in POINT NO : 2 , ALT CLICK on the text part to get it's destination file.

Means , these text area (picture-4) also connected to another file which is not directly editable from index.html.To find out that destination file , we can use "code navigator" (alt click).

press ALT then click on that text part of picture - 4 . It will display a box which contains the exact line of code and name of the file which is associated with  index.html .See below : 

Picture - 5 :ALT CLICK on the text part to get it's destination file "basic.css"

Combined code as given ,

Picture - 5(1) : Alt click both text together , to get this CSS file

Note that , the difference in the basic.css file for both text part.

Now , we are going to the coding part of the above points

At first click the "About us" menu.Refer picture - 1 .

We already changed "About" to "About us".Now closely observe each code.
You can see that href="pages/about.html which means the link from this page(index.html) goes to about.html.

Where is that page ? It is in the folder named "pages". (href is nothing but a code used to give link).

<a href="pages/about.html" class="menuitem">                    <i class="icon-user"></i>                    <div class="menu-title">About us</div> </a>

In the downloaded folder , when we open the folder named "pages" , you can see the pages as in  picture - 1 .

From index.html , the link goes to about.html page .Now open this page in dreamweaver .
You can see the text that ,

Picture - 6 : about.html ( linked from index.html)

You can see some simple text here .
But , when you open index.html and clicking the term "About us" , it shows like Picture - 4.

The link "About us"  from index.html , connected to the page about.html . And you can see that when the text comes to inde.html , it has some modification. Here comes the importance of Cascadng Style Sheet or simply CSS.refer PHP Introduction to get a small idea about CSS.

That is , When we clicked  the folder r named "styles" in the downloaded template ,you can see 2 files as in  picture - 1 .

1. basic
2. mobile 

Both are CSS files. All the text style,size, color etc are giving in this code part.

Then linking this to index.html

(This is a bit lengthy one , a beginner can't follow
them easily.I will describe them later).

POINT NO : 5

How to find out the code connected from index .html to CSS files ?

Open index.html .

Open basic.css .
You know already that , in  HTML (Refer HTML - An Introduction) after html and body part , coding will start .

Refer Picture - 3 and 3(1) & Point no - 2 .
You can see that ,

• .content
• .menuwrapper
• .content.menuwrapper
• .content.mainmenu

At first ,from basic.css ,  use controlF (find) to find out this code.

Picture - 7 : basic.css 

When we use FIND command to search the word .content , it displays all the word starting with .content.
All the pink colored one is the CSS code for "about us " in index.html.

A little effort needed to study this , but here , I am giving the details related to index.html file only.

Let's have a look at each one of this in detail.

• .content

.content {      max-width: 1200px;      width: 100%;      height: 100%;      position: relative;      margin: 0 auto;     display: table; }

In this portion , the width and height of the content (about us) is specified. 

We can see that , when we open about.html file , all the texts are not in an alignment like index.html.

(See Picture - 6).

No need to tell you about the term width,height etc.But need to understand how this will change the index.html , when we change the values in about.css 

Let's try .

Refer Picture - 4 . Now in the above code , I changed width 1200 to 120 .
That is , max-width: 120px; 

Now save basic.css and goto index.html .
See the index.html file now.

Compare this picture with Picture - 4 .When reduce the width from 1200 to 120 , see the text area also reduced.

Got an idea ?

Now change it back to 1200 . then you will get Picture - 4 again.

As per the points given above , do the rest part of designing by yourself. Refer Picture - 3 and Picture 3(1) & Point no - 2 especially , to get an idea.

Or , Will come here with the remaining part.

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Like this , try to edit "Contacts" ,"Skills" and "Portfolio" also.

You may notice that , there is a S like symbol , and while we click that symbol in the center , we can change it.

Will Continue.....

Back to Creating a PHP web site - Starting from scratch.